導(dǎo)致MySQL做全表掃描的幾種情況
這兩天看到了兩種可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致全表掃描的sql，這里給大家看一下，希望可以避免踩坑：
情況1：強(qiáng)制類型轉(zhuǎn)換的情況下，不會(huì)使用索引，會(huì)走全表掃描。
舉例如下：
首先我們創(chuàng)建一個(gè)表
CREATE TABLE `test` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `score` varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT ’’, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `idx_score` (`score`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=12 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
我們可以看到，這個(gè)表有三個(gè)字段，其中兩個(gè)int類型，一個(gè)varchar類型。varchar類型的字段score是一個(gè)索引，而id是主鍵。
然后我們給這個(gè)表里面插入一些數(shù)據(jù)，插入數(shù)據(jù)之后的表如下：
mysql：yeyztest 21:43:12>>select * from test;+----+------+-------+| id | age | score |+----+------+-------+| 1 | 1 | 5 || 2 | 2 | 10 || 5 | 5 | 25 || 8 | 8 | 40 || 9 | 2 | 45 || 10 | 5 | 50 || 11 | 8 | 55 |+----+------+-------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們使用explain語句來查看兩條sql的執(zhí)行情況，分別是：
explain select * from test where score =’10’;explain select * from test where score =10;
結(jié)果如下：
mysql:yeyztest 21:42:29>>explain select * from test where score =’10’;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test | NULL | ref | idx_score | idx_score | 62 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-----------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql:yeyztest 21:43:06>>explain select * from test where score =10; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test | NULL | ALL | idx_score | NULL | NULL | NULL | 7 | 14.29 | Using where |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 3 warnings (0.00 sec)
可以看到，如果我們使用的是varchar類型的值，那么結(jié)果中掃描的行數(shù)rows就是1，而當(dāng)我們使用的是整數(shù)值10的時(shí)候，掃描行數(shù)變?yōu)榱?，證明，如果出現(xiàn)了強(qiáng)制類型轉(zhuǎn)換，則會(huì)導(dǎo)致索引失效。
情況2：反向查詢不能使用索引，會(huì)導(dǎo)致全表掃描。
創(chuàng)建一個(gè)表test1，它的主鍵是score，然后插入6條數(shù)據(jù)：
CREATE TABLE `test1` ( `score` varchar(20) not null default ’’ , PRIMARY KEY (`score`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mysql:yeyztest 22:09:37>>select * from test1;+-------+| score |+-------+| 111 || 222 || 333 || 444 || 555 || 666 |+-------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
當(dāng)我們使用反向查找的時(shí)候，不會(huì)使用到索引，來看下面兩條sql：
explain select * from test1 where score=’111’;explain select * from test1 where score!=’111’;
mysql:yeyztest 22:13:01>>explain select * from test1 where score=’111’;+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test1 | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 62 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql:yeyztest 22:13:08>>explain select * from test1 where score!=’111’;+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test1 | NULL | index | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 62 | NULL | 6 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
可以看到，使用！=作為條件的時(shí)候，掃描的行數(shù)是表的總記錄行數(shù)。因此如果想要使用索引，我們就不能使用反向匹配規(guī)則。
情況3：某些or值條件可能導(dǎo)致全表掃描。
首先我們創(chuàng)建一個(gè)表，并插入幾條數(shù)據(jù)：
CREATE TABLE `test4` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, KEY `idx_id` (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql--dba_admin@127.0.0.1:yeyztest 22:23:44>>select * from test4;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 1 | aaa || 2 | bbb || 3 | ccc || 4 | yeyz || NULL | yeyz |+------+------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
其中表test4包含兩個(gè)字段，id字段是一個(gè)索引，而name字段是varchar類型，我們來看下面三個(gè)語句的掃描行數(shù)：
explain select * from test4 where id=1;explain select * from test4 where id is null;explain select * from test4 where id=1 or id is null;
mysql:yeyztest 22:24:12>>explain select * from test4 where id is null;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test4 | NULL | ref | idx_id| idx_id | 5 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index condition |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql:yeyztest 22:24:17>>explain select * from test4 where id=1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test4 | NULL | ref | idx_id| idx_id | 5 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+--------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)mysql:yeyztest 22:24:28>>explain select * from test4 where id=1 or id is null;+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | test4 | NULL | ALL | idx_id| NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 40.00 | Using where |+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
可以看到單獨(dú)使用id=1和id is null，都只會(huì)掃描一行記錄，而使用or將二者連接起來就會(huì)導(dǎo)致掃描全表而不使用索引。
簡單總結(jié)一下：1.強(qiáng)制類型轉(zhuǎn)換的情況下，不會(huì)使用索引，會(huì)走全表掃描
2.反向查詢不能使用索引，會(huì)導(dǎo)致全表掃描。
3.某些or值條件可能導(dǎo)致全表掃描。
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